Massachusetts

Home/Massachusetts Massachusetts State-to-state migration of people and income, 2022–2023 filing years At a glance (2023) Cost of living 108 8% above the U.S. average Median home value $525,800 national $303,400 Home prices, 5 years +45.3% over the 5 years to 2023 Monthly rent $1,687 national $1,348 Homeownership 63% national 65% Unemployment 3.5% national 3.6% Household income $101,341 national $78,538 Median age 40.0 yrs national 38.7 The cost of living runs about 8% above the national average. The median home is valued at $525,800 (nominal). Home prices have risen about 45% over the five years to 2023. Median rent is about $1,687 a month. Unemployment averaged 3.5% in 2023 (national 3.6%). Median household income is $101,341. These figures describe all residents, not just tax filers, come from separate sources than the migration data on this page, and do not indicate why anyone moved. Between the 2022 and 2023 filing years, Massachusetts saw a net loss of 16,921 tax-filing households and a net loss of 30,460 individuals. Against a population of about 7,001,399, that is a net outflow of about 4.4 per 1,000 residents. On net, the area lost $4.2B in associated adjusted gross income (AGI, nominal dollars). The largest inflow, about 10,479 households, came from New York; the largest outflow, about 12,159 households, went to Florida. In the prior (2022) filing year, the area saw a net loss of 45,614 individuals. These figures cover federal income tax filers only and do not indicate why people moved. Net income (AGI) $4.2B nominal dollars Net households 16,921 tax returns Net people 30,460 exemptions 4.4 net people per 1,000 residents (population 7,001,399) Income (AGI) in and out Moved in$7.7B Moved out$11.9B Net -$4.2B (nominal) HowAmericaMoves.com Massachusetts counties Net migration by county. Hover for figures; click a county to open it. Net outNet in(AGI $) Hover an area to trace its top 5 inbound (in) and outbound (out) moves. Net income (AGI) that moved in minus out, in nominal dollars (not adjusted for inflation).Net tax returns (filing households) that moved in minus out.Net people per 1,000 residents, so larger and smaller areas compare fairly. Hover an area to trace its top moves HowAmericaMoves.com Top origin states 1New York10,479$1B2Florida8,058$666.1M3New Hampshire6,594$557.6M4California6,565$825.5M5Connecticut6,467$556.4M6Rhode Island5,218$386.7M7New Jersey3,596$346.2M8Texas3,394$322.7M9Pennsylvania3,335$286.4M10Maine2,229$173.3M HowAmericaMoves.com Top destination states 1Florida12,159$2.5B2New York11,027$1.1B3New Hampshire10,603$1.4B4California7,767$903.2M5Rhode Island6,510$571.9M6Connecticut6,006$519.7M7Texas4,218$465.8M8North Carolina3,483$347.7M9Maine3,330$378.1M10Pennsylvania2,973$268.8M HowAmericaMoves.com Churn by state both directions at once The biggest two-way exchanges of filing households, 2022–2023. Moved in and moved out are gross one-way counts; net is the difference. Click a column to sort. New York 10,479 11,027 -548 -$15.8M Florida 8,058 12,159 -4,101 -$1.9B New Hampshire 6,594 10,603 -4,009 -$870.6M California 6,565 7,767 -1,202 -$77.7M Connecticut 6,467 6,006 +461 +$36.7M Rhode Island 5,218 6,510 -1,292 -$185.2M Texas 3,394 4,218 -824 -$143.1M New Jersey 3,596 2,740 +856 +$27.8M Pennsylvania 3,335 2,973 +362 +$17.5M North Carolina 2,213 3,483 -1,270 -$180.3M Maine 2,229 3,330 -1,101 -$204.7M Virginia 2,189 2,381 -192 -$37.1M Counts are filing households (IRS returns), matching the lists above; income is nominal AGI. A dash means the IRS published only one direction of that exchange (small flows are suppressed), so no net is computed. HowAmericaMoves.com Net migration by year Net 2012–2023: -$24.7B (-329,232 people) 20122023 HowAmericaMoves.com Net AGI and net people by year (nominal dollars) Year Net AGI Net people 2012 -$918.1M -10,317 2013 -$1B -11,915 2014 -$760.8M -19,478 2015 -$848.3M -13,556 2016 -$1.4B -27,889 2017 -$1.9B -36,001 2018 -$1.5B -26,536 2019 -$1.5B -26,086 2020 -$2.6B -37,104 2021 -$4.3B -44,276 2022 -$3.9B -45,614 2023 -$4.2B -30,460 Migration in context How big is this move, relative to the state? In the 2022–2023 filing year, about 30,460 more people left Massachusetts than moved in (counting tax filers and their dependents) — a net loss of about $4.2B in income (nominal) — in a state of 7,073,479 people. Population 7,073,479 Census 2023 estimate Net migration rate 4.3 net people per 1,000 residents A Town Of 10,000 Would Net About -43 People. Net income per resident −$590 nominal dollars ≈ -$4.2B total across 7,073,479 residents. The rate lets you compare Massachusetts with a stateof any size: it’s the net flow divided by population. The IRS counts tax filers; population counts all residents, so read the rate as a scale indicator, not a literal share of people. HowAmericaMoves.com Components of population change 2023 (Census) Where the state’s overall change came from. Census counts all residents; the IRS migration above is one slice of the domestic-migration component. Births +68,137 Deaths 61,772 Net domestic migration 35,360 Net international migration +77,588 Total change +48,014 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program. Figures are people, not tax filers. HowAmericaMoves.com Income & cost of living What a dollar is worth here Prices around Massachusetts run about 8% above the national average. In plain terms: $100 spent here buys about what $93 buys in the average American community. The figures below apply that to income, each compared to the U.S. average of $70,002 per person. Income per person $89,947 what people here earn (BEA 2023, nominal) 28% above the U.S. average Price level 107.7 100 = U.S. average prices (BEA price parity) everyday costs about 7.7% higher than average What that income buys $83,536 local income restated at U.S.-average prices 19% above the U.S. average Cheaper than U.S. avgU.S. average (100)Pricier Price parity shown at the state level (BEA does not publish a single figure below the metro level). HowAmericaMoves.com Where the cost comes from price parity by category Index where 100 = U.S. average for that category. Housing is usually what separates one place from another. Housing & rents130.1 Goods100.0 Utilities166.1 Other services105.0 Housing is measured from rents (including an estimated rental value for owner-occupied homes), so a run-up in purchase prices shows here only as it reaches rents. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Covers all residents, a separate universe from the IRS filer income above. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Who lives here The people of Massachusetts American Community Survey, 2019–2023 (a 5-year average of all residents, not just tax filers). Median age 40.0 years Median household income $101,341 per household (ACS 2019–2023, nominal) 29% above the U.S. median College degree 47% adults 25+ with a bachelor's or higher Poverty rate 10.0% residents below the poverty line Average commute 29 min mean travel time to work Broadband at home 92% households with any broadband Race and ethnicity (share of residents) White 68%Hispanic 13%Black 7%Asian 7%Other 6% White, Black, and Asian counts are people who are not Hispanic or Latino; Hispanic or Latino can be of any race. Shares are rounded and may not total 100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Covers all residents, a separate universe from the IRS filer data. A 5-year estimate is an average over 2019–2023; compare years at least five apart, since consecutive windows overlap. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Housing what it costs to live here (ACS 2019–2023) Median home value $525,800 owner-occupied homes 73% above the U.S. median Median rent $1,687 gross rent per month 25% above the U.S. median Homeownership 63% of occupied homes are owner-occupied Home-price appreciation FHFA index, 2023 Past year +7.7% price change, 2022 to 2023 Past 5 years +45% price change, 2018 to 2023 A repeat-sales index (how much the same homes changed in price), so it tracks the market over time rather than the current level. Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency, annual all-transactions HPI; the county series is FHFA’s developmental index. New home construction building permits, 2023 13,214new housing units authorized in 2023 Single-family 38%Multifamily 62% Units authorized by residential building permits (new supply), summed from counties for the state and U.S. Permits are authorizations, not completions. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey. Home value is what owners estimate their homes are worth, not recent sale prices. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2019–2023), nominal dollars. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Local economy & risk Jobs and natural hazards Unemployment rate 3.5% BLS 2023 annual average Labor force 3,824,146 3,690,724 employed Disaster declarations — major federal, 2023 Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS) and FEMA. A disaster declaration marks federal assistance eligibility, not damage severity, and says nothing about why anyone moved. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Unemployment now 4.1% May 2026 ▼ 0.3 points vs May 2025 January 2024May 2026 Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS). Monthly unemployment for this state, not seasonally adjusted. Updated every month, so it moves faster than the annual average above. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Who’s moving by income Net migration by income bracket Tax-filing households that moved into Massachusetts minus those that left, by the adjusted gross income they reported, 2022–2023. Positive means more arrived than left at that income level. $1–$10k 672 In 6,196Out 6,868-$2.8M AGI $10k–$25k 133 In 13,286Out 13,419-$1.1M AGI $25k–$50k 537 In 21,524Out 22,061-$26.8M AGI $50k–$75k 2,515 In 14,725Out 17,240-$160.2M AGI $75k–$100k 2,775 In 8,817Out 11,592-$241.4M AGI $100k–$200k 5,867 In 12,691Out 18,558-$818.6M AGI $200k+ 3,965 In 7,041Out 11,006-$2.9B AGI Among the highest earners ($200k+), Massachusetts ranks #48 of 51 states for net household migration (-3,965). Source: IRS Statistics of Income, state-level gross migration file (returns with negative AGI are excluded, so this won’t exactly match the totals above). Income is what filers reported, not a reason anyone moved. Compare all states by income bracket. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Goods trade What Massachusetts ships and receives Physical goods shipped between Massachusetts and other states, 2022. This is freight, not the migration of people or income shown above. $232.6B Ships to other states +40% since 2017 $189.1B Receives from states +24% since 2017 +$43.4B Net balance Top goods shipped out Electronic and other electrical equipment and components, and office equipment $58.4B Pharmaceutical products $52.6B Mixed freight $22.0B Textiles, leather, and articles of textiles or leather $21.2B Precision instruments and apparatus $20.3B Miscellaneous manufactured products $17.6B Top goods received Electronic and other electrical equipment and components, and office equipment $28.0B Pharmaceutical products $24.6B Mixed freight $23.3B Gasoline and aviation turbine fuel $14.7B Miscellaneous manufactured products $14.6B Machinery $11.7B Biggest trading partners (both ways) Goods trade runs in both directions: states swap different goods, so a partner is often near the top of both columns. Net is ships minus receives (positive means Massachusetts ships more to that partner than it gets back). Partner Ships to Receives Net Total New York $16.1B $23.9B -$7.8B $39.9B Connecticut $15.2B $19.5B -$4.3B $34.8B New Hampshire $21.7B $10.5B +$11.2B $32.2B Texas $21.6B $8.8B +$12.8B $30.4B California $13.7B $14.2B -$453M $27.9B Pennsylvania $13.8B $13.0B +$832M $26.8B New Jersey $10.2B $14.8B -$4.6B $25.0B Maine $18.6B $4.9B +$13.7B $23.5B Goods shipped every five years by the Census Commodity Flow Survey (a sample, so figures are estimates and the smallest flows are withheld). Value is nominal. The totals and partner table above count trade between Massachusetts and other states; the goods lists count everything the state ships or receives, including within-state shipments. Compare all states. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Taxes the state collects What Massachusetts collects in taxes Total state taxes $41.3B FY 2023, nominal Per resident $5,844 total state taxes ÷ population Largest categories (share of total) Individual income tax$19.8B 48% General sales & gross receipts$9.4B 23% Corporation net income tax$6.7B 16% Death & gift taxes$973.7M 2% Motor fuels sales tax$701.9M 2% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections. This is what the state government collected (not local taxes), not a measure of any individual’s tax burden. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Elections National maps → How Massachusetts has voted. Certified returns, popular vote only. This is a separate dataset from the migration figures on this page. President, 1976–2024 Year Democratic Republican Other Margin Total 2024 2,126,518 1,251,303 95,847 D +25.2 3,473,668 2020 2,382,202 1,167,202 108,601 D +33.2 3,658,005 2016 1,995,196 1,090,893 188,466 D +27.6 3,274,555 2012 1,921,290 1,188,314 58,163 D +23.1 3,167,767 2008 1,904,103 1,108,885 68,348 D +25.8 3,081,336 2004 1,803,800 1,071,109 37,479 D +25.2 2,912,388 2000 1,616,487 878,502 207,995 D +27.3 2,702,984 1996 1,571,509 718,058 266,892 D +33.4 2,556,459 1992 1,318,639 805,039 649,986 D +18.5 2,773,664 1988 1,401,415 1,194,635 36,751 D +7.9 2,632,801 1984 1,239,606 1,310,936 8,841 R +2.8 2,559,383 1980 1,053,802 1,057,631 412,657 R +0.2 2,524,090 1976 1,429,475 1,030,276 87,807 D +15.7 2,547,558 U.S. Senate races all states → Year Winner Democratic Republican Other Margin 2024 Elizabeth Ann Warren 2,041,668 1,365,440 105,822 D +19.2 2020 Edward J. Markey 2,357,809 1,177,765 115,003 D +32.3 2018 Elizabeth A. Warren 1,633,371 979,210 94,509 D +24.2 2014 Edward J. Markey 1,289,944 791,950 104,889 D +22.8 2012 Elizabeth A. Warren 1,696,346 1,458,048 29,802 D +7.5 2008 John F. Kerry 1,971,974 926,044 204,977 D +33.7 2006 Edward M. Kennedy 1,500,738 661,532 81,565 D +37.4 2002 John F. Kerry 1,605,976 — 589,427 — 2000 Edward M. Kennedy 1,889,494 334,341 510,171 D +56.9 U.S. House seats won district maps → 2024 D 9 R 0 2022 D 9 R 0 2020 D 9 R 0 2018 D 9 R 0 2016 D 9 R 0 2014 D 9 R 0 2012 D 9 R 0 2010 D 10 R 0 2008 D 10 R 0 2006 D 10 R 0 2004 D 10 R 0 2002 D 10 R 0 2000 D 10 R 0 2024 results by county Republican wonDemocratic wonIndependent / other Which party received the most votes, as a solid color.Winning margin as a share of all votes cast.Change in margin since 2020, in percentage points.Total votes cast, all candidates. HowAmericaMoves.com Source: MIT Election Data and Science Lab county returns (CC0). Margins are the popular-vote gap as a share of all votes cast. Counties in Massachusetts (14) Barnstable CountyBerkshire CountyBristol CountyDukes CountyEssex CountyFranklin CountyHampden CountyHampshire CountyMiddlesex CountyNantucket CountyNorfolk CountyPlymouth CountySuffolk CountyWorcester County Get the next update for Massachusetts The IRS releases new migration data once a year. Drop your email and we will send the refreshed numbers when they land. No spam, unsubscribe anytime. Email address