Patient Services Supervisor
Actalent · Sparta, NJ · 1 mo ago
On-siteOTHR$25–$30/hrContract
We need to output only HTML fragment, no html/body tags, no markdown fences. Use for section headings: About the role, Responsibilities, Requirements, Qualifications, Skills, Benefits, Pay, Schedule. We need to include sections only if posting has real specific content. We have content for About the role? The description includes overview: "The Patient Services Supervisor oversees a team..." That's about the role. So we can have
for section headings: About the role, Responsibilities, Requirements, Qualifications, Skills, Benefits, Pay, Schedule. We need to include sections only if posting has real specific content. We have content for About the role? The description includes overview: "The Patient Services Supervisor oversees a team..." That's about the role. So we can have About the role
with paragraph(s). Responsibilities: we have a list. Use - . Requirements: maybe combine Essential Skills and Additional Skills & Qualifications? The instructions: Use headings for Requirements, Qualifications, Skills, Benefits, Pay, Schedule. We need to decide what to put where. The posting includes "Essential Skills" and "Additional Skills & Qualifications". Could map to Skills and Qualifications. Also "Work Environment" maybe not a heading; we could include in About the role or maybe not needed. "Job Type & Location" maybe not needed as heading; could be in About the role paragraph. "Pay And Benefits" we have Pay range and benefits list. So we need Pay and Benefits sections. The instruction: include a section ONLY when posting has real specific content. So we will have Pay section with the range. Benefits section with list. Schedule: we have work environment includes shift times and flexibility. So we can include Schedule section with that info.
We must not repeat job title as heading. Do not put Job ID/requisition numbers as headings (none). Remove boilerplate: cookie/navigation/legal/EEO etc. So we need to strip the "About Actalent" and all that equal opportunity stuff, accommodation, etc. Also remove "Application Deadline", "Job Type & Location" maybe we can keep location in About the role? But we should not invent headings. We can include location in About the role paragraph.
We must preserve ALL substantive information; do not invent or summarize away detail. So we need to keep all details from responsibilities, essential skills, additional skills, work environment, pay, benefits, schedule, etc. But we can omit the boilerplate about Actalent, equal opportunity, accommodation, etc. Also remove "Application Deadline". Also remove "Job Type & Location" maybe we can incorporate location into About the role.
We need to ensure we don't create sections with filler like "commensurate with experience". Not present.
We need to use
for each section heading. Use - for any list of duties/requirements/benefits. Use
for prose.
We must output only HTML fragment.
Let's structure:
About the role
... (overview plus location and job type maybe)
Responsibilities
- ...
...
Skills
Maybe combine Essential Skills and Additional Skills & Qualifications into Skills? But we also have Qualifications heading. Could put Essential Skills under Skills, Additional Skills & Qualifications under Qualifications. Or we could put both under Skills and leave Qualifications empty? But we must not create empty headings. So we need to decide: we have content for Skills (essential skills) and Qualifications (additional skills & qualifications). So we can have:
Skills
essential skills list
Qualifications
additional skills & qualifications list
That seems appropriate.
Then Benefits:
Benefits
list of benefits
Pay:
Pay
The pay range for this position is $25.00 - $30.00/hr. Individual compensation offered for this position within this range will depend on many factors, including qualifications, skills, relevant experience, job knowledge, geographic location, internal equity, and other pertinent job-related factors. Eligibility requirements apply to some benefits and may depend on your job classification and length of employment. Benefits are subject to change and may be subject to specific elections, plan, or program terms. If eligible, the benefits available for this temporary role may include the following:
But we already listed benefits separately; we might not need to repeat that sentence. Actually the Pay And Benefits section includes both pay range and benefits list. We could keep Pay section just about pay range, and Benefits section list. The sentence about eligibility etc could go in Benefits section maybe. But we need to preserve all substantive information. So we can include that sentence in Benefits section as a paragraph before the list.
Schedule:
Schedule
The role works standard daytime shifts, typically 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. or 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., with some flexibility to adjust based on call-outs or operational needs. The position is initially on-site, with flexibility to work from home up to two days per week once permanent and established.
We also have work environment details about offices, culture, attire, etc. Could we include that in About the role? Probably yes.
We need to ensure we don't duplicate content. Let's extract all substantive pieces:
From Job Description paragraph: "The Patient Services Supervisor oversees a team of patient services representatives within a high-volume orthopedic network call center. This role serves as the primary point of contact for call center operations, scheduling questions, and patient access inquiries, ensuring that patients are scheduled accurately and efficiently with the appropriate providers and services. The supervisor partners closely with leadership to evaluate workflows, identify operational challenges, and implement process improvements that enhance the overall patient experience and operational efficiency."
That's about the role.
Responsibilities list: many bullet points.
Essential Skills list: bullet points.
Additional Skills & Qualifications list: bullet points.
Work Environment: "This role is based within a large yet close-knit orthopedic network that operates seven local offices in New Jersey, offering a small-group feel within a broader organization of more than 80 employees across a variety of skill sets. The environment is collaborative and supportive, with providers who are eager to teach and share knowledge. The Patient Services Supervisor works standard daytime shifts, typically 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. or 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., with some flexibility to adjust based on call-outs or operational needs. The position is initially on-site, with flexibility to work from home up to two days per week once permanent and established. The call center and scheduling operations rely heavily on EMR systems, administrative scheduling tools, and performance dashboards, and the supervisor is expected to be comfortable working with these technologies throughout the day. The culture emphasizes strong team bonding, including yearly events and activities, and offers attractive permanent perks such as a 401(k) match and generous paid time off. Attire is consistent with a professional medical office environment."
Job Type & Location: "This is a Contract to Hire position based out of Sparta, NJ."
Pay And Benefits: pay range and benefits list.
Application Deadline: "This position is anticipated to close on Sep 28, 2026." This is substantive? It's a date; but it's not a heading; we could include in About the role maybe as a note. However the instruction says remove application instructions. Application deadline is not exactly instruction but could be considered metadata. It says "remove cookie/navigation/legal/EEO/equal-opportunity/scam-warning boilerplate, duplicated lines, and application instructions." Application deadline could be considered application instruction? Probably yes, it's about when to apply. Safer to remove it.
About Actalent and all that equal opportunity etc: remove.
Thus we keep: About the role (overview + job type + location + work environment details?), Responsibilities, Skills, Qualifications, Benefits, Pay, Schedule.
We need to avoid duplication: work environment details include shift times etc which we also put in Schedule. We could keep shift times in Schedule and keep other work environment details (offices, culture, attire, perks) in About the role or maybe a separate section? There's no heading for Work Environment, but we could incorporate into About the role.
We must not repeat the same info in two places unnecessarily, but it's okay if it's not duplicated exactly. However we should avoid duplicating the same sentences. Let's split: About the role includes overview, job type, location, office network, culture, attire, perks. Schedule includes shift times and remote flexibility. Benefits includes list and eligibility note. Pay includes pay range and note about factors.
Now let's draft.
First, About the role paragraph:
"The Patient Services Supervisor oversees a team of patient services representatives within a high-volume orthopedic network call center. This role serves as the primary point of contact for call center operations, scheduling questions, and patient access inquiries, ensuring that patients are scheduled accurately and efficiently with the appropriate providers and services. The supervisor partners closely with leadership to evaluate workflows, identify operational challenges, and implement process improvements that enhance the overall patient experience and operational efficiency. This is a Contract to Hire position based out of Sparta, NJ, within a large yet close-knit orthopedic network that operates seven local offices in New Jersey, offering a small-group feel within a broader organization of more than 80 employees. The environment is collaborative and supportive, with providers eager to teach and share knowledge. The culture emphasizes strong team bonding, including yearly events and activities, and offers attractive permanent perks such as a 401(k) match and generous paid time off. Attire is consistent with a professional medical office environment."
That captures overview, job type/location, work environment details.
Now Responsibilities list: we need to include all bullet points from Responsibilities section.
Let's list them exactly as in posting:
- Oversee patient services representatives in a high-volume orthopedic network call center, providing daily guidance and support to a team of nine.
- Serve as the primary point of contact for call center operations, addressing scheduling questions and patient access inquiries.
- Monitor provider schedules and make adjustments as needed, including opening, closing, and blocking appointment slots to ensure accurate provider availability.
- Manage physician scheduling templates within the EMR and administrative scheduling systems to maintain up-to-date and accurate schedules.
- Ensure patients are appropriately scheduled with the correct providers and services, reducing scheduling errors and improving patient satisfaction.
- Review call recordings to assess service quality, identify coaching opportunities, and drive improvements in the patient experience.
- Conduct regular one-on-one meetings with team members to provide feedback, support professional development, and address performance concerns.
- Track and analyze call center performance metrics, including call volume, hold times, missed calls, call handling times, and pause times.
- Develop and maintain performance standards and key performance indicators (KPIs) for the call center team.
- Coach employees on meeting performance expectations and achieving established service goals and KPIs.
- Utilize reporting tools and dashboards to identify trends, monitor performance, and drive operational improvements.
- Support daily operations by assisting with inbound calls and scheduling activities during periods of high volume or staff absences.
- Collaborate closely with leadership to evaluate workflows, identify operational challenges, and implement process improvements across the call center.
- Partner with leadership to optimize patient scheduling processes and improve efficiency and access to care.
- Contribute to a positive, team-oriented environment that encourages learning, collaboration, and high-quality patient service.
We'll put each as - .
Now Skills: Essential Skills list:
- Supervisor or leadership experience in a healthcare setting, overseeing staff in a patient-facing or clinical support environment.
- Call center experience, preferably in a healthcare or medical setting with high call volumes.
- Proficiency with electronic medical record (EMR) systems and patient scheduling workflows.
- Strong patient scheduling skills, including managing complex provider schedules and appointment templates.
- Knowledge of medical terminology sufficient to accurately schedule and route patients to appropriate services.
- Customer service skills with the ability to handle patient inquiries professionally and empathetically.
- Supervisory skills, including coaching, performance management, and conducting one-on-one meetings.
- Experience in administrative support within a healthcare environment.
- Familiarity with front desk operations and processes in a medical office or clinic.
- Ability to use reporting tools and dashboards to track metrics and identify
for each section heading. Use - for any list of duties/requirements/benefits. Use
for prose.
We must output only HTML fragment.
Let's structure:
About the role
... (overview plus location and job type maybe)
Responsibilities
- ...
...
Skills
Maybe combine Essential Skills and Additional Skills & Qualifications into Skills? But we also have Qualifications heading. Could put Essential Skills under Skills, Additional Skills & Qualifications under Qualifications. Or we could put both under Skills and leave Qualifications empty? But we must not create empty headings. So we need to decide: we have content for Skills (essential skills) and Qualifications (additional skills & qualifications). So we can have:
Skills
essential skills list
Qualifications
additional skills & qualifications list
That seems appropriate.
Then Benefits:
Benefits
list of benefits
Pay:
Pay
The pay range for this position is $25.00 - $30.00/hr. Individual compensation offered for this position within this range will depend on many factors, including qualifications, skills, relevant experience, job knowledge, geographic location, internal equity, and other pertinent job-related factors. Eligibility requirements apply to some benefits and may depend on your job classification and length of employment. Benefits are subject to change and may be subject to specific elections, plan, or program terms. If eligible, the benefits available for this temporary role may include the following:
But we already listed benefits separately; we might not need to repeat that sentence. Actually the Pay And Benefits section includes both pay range and benefits list. We could keep Pay section just about pay range, and Benefits section list. The sentence about eligibility etc could go in Benefits section maybe. But we need to preserve all substantive information. So we can include that sentence in Benefits section as a paragraph before the list.
Schedule:
Schedule
The role works standard daytime shifts, typically 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. or 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., with some flexibility to adjust based on call-outs or operational needs. The position is initially on-site, with flexibility to work from home up to two days per week once permanent and established.
We also have work environment details about offices, culture, attire, etc. Could we include that in About the role? Probably yes.
We need to ensure we don't duplicate content. Let's extract all substantive pieces:
From Job Description paragraph: "The Patient Services Supervisor oversees a team of patient services representatives within a high-volume orthopedic network call center. This role serves as the primary point of contact for call center operations, scheduling questions, and patient access inquiries, ensuring that patients are scheduled accurately and efficiently with the appropriate providers and services. The supervisor partners closely with leadership to evaluate workflows, identify operational challenges, and implement process improvements that enhance the overall patient experience and operational efficiency."
That's about the role.
Responsibilities list: many bullet points.
Essential Skills list: bullet points.
Additional Skills & Qualifications list: bullet points.
Work Environment: "This role is based within a large yet close-knit orthopedic network that operates seven local offices in New Jersey, offering a small-group feel within a broader organization of more than 80 employees across a variety of skill sets. The environment is collaborative and supportive, with providers who are eager to teach and share knowledge. The Patient Services Supervisor works standard daytime shifts, typically 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. or 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., with some flexibility to adjust based on call-outs or operational needs. The position is initially on-site, with flexibility to work from home up to two days per week once permanent and established. The call center and scheduling operations rely heavily on EMR systems, administrative scheduling tools, and performance dashboards, and the supervisor is expected to be comfortable working with these technologies throughout the day. The culture emphasizes strong team bonding, including yearly events and activities, and offers attractive permanent perks such as a 401(k) match and generous paid time off. Attire is consistent with a professional medical office environment."
Job Type & Location: "This is a Contract to Hire position based out of Sparta, NJ."
Pay And Benefits: pay range and benefits list.
Application Deadline: "This position is anticipated to close on Sep 28, 2026." This is substantive? It's a date; but it's not a heading; we could include in About the role maybe as a note. However the instruction says remove application instructions. Application deadline is not exactly instruction but could be considered metadata. It says "remove cookie/navigation/legal/EEO/equal-opportunity/scam-warning boilerplate, duplicated lines, and application instructions." Application deadline could be considered application instruction? Probably yes, it's about when to apply. Safer to remove it.
About Actalent and all that equal opportunity etc: remove.
Thus we keep: About the role (overview + job type + location + work environment details?), Responsibilities, Skills, Qualifications, Benefits, Pay, Schedule.
We need to avoid duplication: work environment details include shift times etc which we also put in Schedule. We could keep shift times in Schedule and keep other work environment details (offices, culture, attire, perks) in About the role or maybe a separate section? There's no heading for Work Environment, but we could incorporate into About the role.
We must not repeat the same info in two places unnecessarily, but it's okay if it's not duplicated exactly. However we should avoid duplicating the same sentences. Let's split: About the role includes overview, job type, location, office network, culture, attire, perks. Schedule includes shift times and remote flexibility. Benefits includes list and eligibility note. Pay includes pay range and note about factors.
Now let's draft.
First, About the role paragraph:
"The Patient Services Supervisor oversees a team of patient services representatives within a high-volume orthopedic network call center. This role serves as the primary point of contact for call center operations, scheduling questions, and patient access inquiries, ensuring that patients are scheduled accurately and efficiently with the appropriate providers and services. The supervisor partners closely with leadership to evaluate workflows, identify operational challenges, and implement process improvements that enhance the overall patient experience and operational efficiency. This is a Contract to Hire position based out of Sparta, NJ, within a large yet close-knit orthopedic network that operates seven local offices in New Jersey, offering a small-group feel within a broader organization of more than 80 employees. The environment is collaborative and supportive, with providers eager to teach and share knowledge. The culture emphasizes strong team bonding, including yearly events and activities, and offers attractive permanent perks such as a 401(k) match and generous paid time off. Attire is consistent with a professional medical office environment."
That captures overview, job type/location, work environment details.
Now Responsibilities list: we need to include all bullet points from Responsibilities section.
Let's list them exactly as in posting:
- Oversee patient services representatives in a high-volume orthopedic network call center, providing daily guidance and support to a team of nine.
- Serve as the primary point of contact for call center operations, addressing scheduling questions and patient access inquiries.
- Monitor provider schedules and make adjustments as needed, including opening, closing, and blocking appointment slots to ensure accurate provider availability.
- Manage physician scheduling templates within the EMR and administrative scheduling systems to maintain up-to-date and accurate schedules.
- Ensure patients are appropriately scheduled with the correct providers and services, reducing scheduling errors and improving patient satisfaction.
- Review call recordings to assess service quality, identify coaching opportunities, and drive improvements in the patient experience.
- Conduct regular one-on-one meetings with team members to provide feedback, support professional development, and address performance concerns.
- Track and analyze call center performance metrics, including call volume, hold times, missed calls, call handling times, and pause times.
- Develop and maintain performance standards and key performance indicators (KPIs) for the call center team.
- Coach employees on meeting performance expectations and achieving established service goals and KPIs.
- Utilize reporting tools and dashboards to identify trends, monitor performance, and drive operational improvements.
- Support daily operations by assisting with inbound calls and scheduling activities during periods of high volume or staff absences.
- Collaborate closely with leadership to evaluate workflows, identify operational challenges, and implement process improvements across the call center.
- Partner with leadership to optimize patient scheduling processes and improve efficiency and access to care.
- Contribute to a positive, team-oriented environment that encourages learning, collaboration, and high-quality patient service.
We'll put each as - .
Now Skills: Essential Skills list:
- Supervisor or leadership experience in a healthcare setting, overseeing staff in a patient-facing or clinical support environment.
- Call center experience, preferably in a healthcare or medical setting with high call volumes.
- Proficiency with electronic medical record (EMR) systems and patient scheduling workflows.
- Strong patient scheduling skills, including managing complex provider schedules and appointment templates.
- Knowledge of medical terminology sufficient to accurately schedule and route patients to appropriate services.
- Customer service skills with the ability to handle patient inquiries professionally and empathetically.
- Supervisory skills, including coaching, performance management, and conducting one-on-one meetings.
- Experience in administrative support within a healthcare environment.
- Familiarity with front desk operations and processes in a medical office or clinic.
- Ability to use reporting tools and dashboards to track metrics and identify
for prose. We must output only HTML fragment. Let's structure:
About the role
... (overview plus location and job type maybe)
Responsibilities
- ... ...
Skills
Maybe combine Essential Skills and Additional Skills & Qualifications into Skills? But we also have Qualifications heading. Could put Essential Skills under Skills, Additional Skills & Qualifications under Qualifications. Or we could put both under Skills and leave Qualifications empty? But we must not create empty headings. So we need to decide: we have content for Skills (essential skills) and Qualifications (additional skills & qualifications). So we can have:Skills
- essential skills list
Qualifications
- additional skills & qualifications list
Benefits
- list of benefits
Pay
The pay range for this position is $25.00 - $30.00/hr. Individual compensation offered for this position within this range will depend on many factors, including qualifications, skills, relevant experience, job knowledge, geographic location, internal equity, and other pertinent job-related factors. Eligibility requirements apply to some benefits and may depend on your job classification and length of employment. Benefits are subject to change and may be subject to specific elections, plan, or program terms. If eligible, the benefits available for this temporary role may include the following:
But we already listed benefits separately; we might not need to repeat that sentence. Actually the Pay And Benefits section includes both pay range and benefits list. We could keep Pay section just about pay range, and Benefits section list. The sentence about eligibility etc could go in Benefits section maybe. But we need to preserve all substantive information. So we can include that sentence in Benefits section as a paragraph before the list. Schedule:Schedule
The role works standard daytime shifts, typically 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. or 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., with some flexibility to adjust based on call-outs or operational needs. The position is initially on-site, with flexibility to work from home up to two days per week once permanent and established.
We also have work environment details about offices, culture, attire, etc. Could we include that in About the role? Probably yes. We need to ensure we don't duplicate content. Let's extract all substantive pieces: From Job Description paragraph: "The Patient Services Supervisor oversees a team of patient services representatives within a high-volume orthopedic network call center. This role serves as the primary point of contact for call center operations, scheduling questions, and patient access inquiries, ensuring that patients are scheduled accurately and efficiently with the appropriate providers and services. The supervisor partners closely with leadership to evaluate workflows, identify operational challenges, and implement process improvements that enhance the overall patient experience and operational efficiency." That's about the role. Responsibilities list: many bullet points. Essential Skills list: bullet points. Additional Skills & Qualifications list: bullet points. Work Environment: "This role is based within a large yet close-knit orthopedic network that operates seven local offices in New Jersey, offering a small-group feel within a broader organization of more than 80 employees across a variety of skill sets. The environment is collaborative and supportive, with providers who are eager to teach and share knowledge. The Patient Services Supervisor works standard daytime shifts, typically 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. or 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., with some flexibility to adjust based on call-outs or operational needs. The position is initially on-site, with flexibility to work from home up to two days per week once permanent and established. The call center and scheduling operations rely heavily on EMR systems, administrative scheduling tools, and performance dashboards, and the supervisor is expected to be comfortable working with these technologies throughout the day. The culture emphasizes strong team bonding, including yearly events and activities, and offers attractive permanent perks such as a 401(k) match and generous paid time off. Attire is consistent with a professional medical office environment." Job Type & Location: "This is a Contract to Hire position based out of Sparta, NJ." Pay And Benefits: pay range and benefits list. Application Deadline: "This position is anticipated to close on Sep 28, 2026." This is substantive? It's a date; but it's not a heading; we could include in About the role maybe as a note. However the instruction says remove application instructions. Application deadline is not exactly instruction but could be considered metadata. It says "remove cookie/navigation/legal/EEO/equal-opportunity/scam-warning boilerplate, duplicated lines, and application instructions." Application deadline could be considered application instruction? Probably yes, it's about when to apply. Safer to remove it. About Actalent and all that equal opportunity etc: remove. Thus we keep: About the role (overview + job type + location + work environment details?), Responsibilities, Skills, Qualifications, Benefits, Pay, Schedule. We need to avoid duplication: work environment details include shift times etc which we also put in Schedule. We could keep shift times in Schedule and keep other work environment details (offices, culture, attire, perks) in About the role or maybe a separate section? There's no heading for Work Environment, but we could incorporate into About the role. We must not repeat the same info in two places unnecessarily, but it's okay if it's not duplicated exactly. However we should avoid duplicating the same sentences. Let's split: About the role includes overview, job type, location, office network, culture, attire, perks. Schedule includes shift times and remote flexibility. Benefits includes list and eligibility note. Pay includes pay range and note about factors. Now let's draft. First, About the role paragraph: "The Patient Services Supervisor oversees a team of patient services representatives within a high-volume orthopedic network call center. This role serves as the primary point of contact for call center operations, scheduling questions, and patient access inquiries, ensuring that patients are scheduled accurately and efficiently with the appropriate providers and services. The supervisor partners closely with leadership to evaluate workflows, identify operational challenges, and implement process improvements that enhance the overall patient experience and operational efficiency. This is a Contract to Hire position based out of Sparta, NJ, within a large yet close-knit orthopedic network that operates seven local offices in New Jersey, offering a small-group feel within a broader organization of more than 80 employees. The environment is collaborative and supportive, with providers eager to teach and share knowledge. The culture emphasizes strong team bonding, including yearly events and activities, and offers attractive permanent perks such as a 401(k) match and generous paid time off. Attire is consistent with a professional medical office environment." That captures overview, job type/location, work environment details. Now Responsibilities list: we need to include all bullet points from Responsibilities section. Let's list them exactly as in posting: - Oversee patient services representatives in a high-volume orthopedic network call center, providing daily guidance and support to a team of nine. - Serve as the primary point of contact for call center operations, addressing scheduling questions and patient access inquiries. - Monitor provider schedules and make adjustments as needed, including opening, closing, and blocking appointment slots to ensure accurate provider availability. - Manage physician scheduling templates within the EMR and administrative scheduling systems to maintain up-to-date and accurate schedules. - Ensure patients are appropriately scheduled with the correct providers and services, reducing scheduling errors and improving patient satisfaction. - Review call recordings to assess service quality, identify coaching opportunities, and drive improvements in the patient experience. - Conduct regular one-on-one meetings with team members to provide feedback, support professional development, and address performance concerns. - Track and analyze call center performance metrics, including call volume, hold times, missed calls, call handling times, and pause times. - Develop and maintain performance standards and key performance indicators (KPIs) for the call center team. - Coach employees on meeting performance expectations and achieving established service goals and KPIs. - Utilize reporting tools and dashboards to identify trends, monitor performance, and drive operational improvements. - Support daily operations by assisting with inbound calls and scheduling activities during periods of high volume or staff absences. - Collaborate closely with leadership to evaluate workflows, identify operational challenges, and implement process improvements across the call center. - Partner with leadership to optimize patient scheduling processes and improve efficiency and access to care. - Contribute to a positive, team-oriented environment that encourages learning, collaboration, and high-quality patient service. We'll put each as