North Dakota

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Between the 2022 and 2023 filing years, North Dakota saw a net loss of 43 tax-filing households and 671 individuals, resulting in a net outflow of 0.9 people per 1,000 residents (population: 783,926). The state lost $145 million in associated adjusted gross income (AGI).

Migration Overview

• Largest inflow: 4,094 households from Minnesota ($223M AGI).
• Largest outflow: 4,007 households to Minnesota ($241.5M AGI).
• Net AGI loss: $145M (inflows: $765.6M, outflows: $910.6M).

Top Origin and Destination States

Top Origin States (Households Moving In)

• Minnesota: 4,094 households ($223M AGI)
• Texas: 874 households ($45.3M AGI)
• California: 749 households ($39.6M AGI)
• South Dakota: 656 households ($35.4M AGI)
• Montana: 613 households ($34.8M AGI)

Top Destination States (Households Moving Out)

• Minnesota: 4,007 households ($241.5M AGI)
• Texas: 920 households ($64.4M AGI)
• Arizona: 680 households ($55.8M AGI)
• South Dakota: 676 households ($43.3M AGI)
• Florida: 596 households ($52.5M AGI)

Churn by State (Two-Way Migration)

• Minnesota: 4,094 in, 4,007 out (+87 net households, -$18.5M AGI)
• Texas: 874 in, 920 out (-46 net households, -$19.1M AGI)
• South Dakota: 656 in, 676 out (-20 net households, -$7.9M AGI)
• California: 749 in, 492 out (+257 net households, +$10.8M AGI)
• Arizona: 538 in, 680 out (-142 net households, -$25.4M AGI)

Net Migration by Year (2012–2023)

• 2012: +$123.7M AGI, +9,873 people
• 2013: +$172.7M AGI, +8,620 people
• 2014: +$13.4M AGI, +5,629 people
• 2015: +$102.2M AGI, +5,853 people
• 2016: -$281.3M AGI, -7,817 people
• 2017: -$442.9M AGI, -10,873 people
• 2018: -$200.1M AGI, -3,635 people
• 2019: -$142.5M AGI, -2,433 people
• 2020: -$262.2M AGI, -5,424 people
• 2021: -$244.9M AGI, -6,111 people
• 2022: -$248.5M AGI, -2,556 people
• 2023: -$145M AGI, -671 people

Cumulative net loss (2012–2023): -$1.6B AGI, -9,545 people.

Demographics and Economy

• Population (2023): 787,071
• Median age: 35.7 years
• Median household income: $75,949 (3% below U.S. median)
• Unemployment rate (2023): 2.0% (national: 3.6%)
• College degree holders: 32% of adults 25+
• Poverty rate: 10.6%
• Homeownership rate: 63%

Housing

• Median home value: $241,100 (21% below U.S. median)
• Median rent: $934 (31% below U.S. median)
• Home-price appreciation (2018–2023): +26%
• Cost of living: 12% below U.S. average

Net Migration by Income Bracket (2022–2023)

• $1–$10k: +206 households (+$1.3M AGI)
• $10k–$25k: +607 households (+$11.2M AGI)
• $25k–$50k: +203 households (+$6.6M AGI)
• $50k–$75k: -246 households (-$15.7M AGI)
• $75k–$100k: -200 households (-$17.7M AGI)
• $100k–$200k: -450 households (-$62.1M AGI)
• $200k+: -136 households (-$70.7M AGI)

Goods Trade (2022)

• Ships to other states: $25.7B (+5% since 2017)
• Receives from other states: $52.1B (+37% since 2017)
• Net balance: -$26.5B

Top Goods Shipped Out

• Machinery: $8.7B
• Agricultural products: $8.6B
• Cereal grains: $6.4B
• Prepared foodstuffs/fats/oils: $4.7B
• Non-metallic mineral products: $3.2B

Top Goods Received

• Machinery: $7.3B
• Mixed freight: $5.4B
• Motorized vehicles/parts: $4.5B
• Cereal grains: $4.4B
• Non-metallic mineral products: $3.4B

Biggest Trading Partners

• Minnesota: $10.0B shipped, $12.7B received (-$2.7B net)
• Illinois: $1.1B shipped, $4.5B received (-$3.4B net)
• Texas: $1.4B shipped, $2.9B received (-$1.5B net)