Colorado

Home/Colorado Colorado State-to-state migration of people and income, 2022–2023 filing years At a glance (2023) Cost of living 102 2% above the U.S. average Median home value $502,200 national $303,400 Home prices, 5 years +44.9% over the 5 years to 2023 Monthly rent $1,693 national $1,348 Homeownership 66% national 65% Unemployment 3.3% national 3.6% Household income $92,470 national $78,538 Median age 37.5 yrs national 38.7 The cost of living runs about 2% above the national average. The median home is valued at $502,200 (nominal). Home prices have risen about 45% over the five years to 2023. Median rent is about $1,693 a month. Unemployment averaged 3.3% in 2023 (national 3.6%). Median household income is $92,470. These figures describe all residents, not just tax filers, come from separate sources than the migration data on this page, and do not indicate why anyone moved. Between the 2022 and 2023 filing years, Colorado saw a net gain of 10,878 tax-filing households and a net gain of 7,030 individuals. Against a population of about 5,877,610, that is a net inflow of about 1.2 per 1,000 residents. On net, the area gained $671.3M in associated adjusted gross income (AGI, nominal dollars). The largest inflow, about 14,923 households, came from Texas; the largest outflow, about 12,275 households, went to Texas. In the prior (2022) filing year, the area saw a net loss of 3,074 individuals. These figures cover federal income tax filers only and do not indicate why people moved. Net income (AGI) +$671.3M nominal dollars Net households +10,878 tax returns Net people +7,030 exemptions +1.2 net people per 1,000 residents (population 5,877,610) Income (AGI) in and out Moved in$10.2B Moved out$9.5B Net +$671.3M (nominal) HowAmericaMoves.com Colorado counties Net migration by county. Hover for figures; click a county to open it. Net outNet in(AGI $) Hover an area to trace its top 5 inbound (in) and outbound (out) moves. Net income (AGI) that moved in minus out, in nominal dollars (not adjusted for inflation).Net tax returns (filing households) that moved in minus out.Net people per 1,000 residents, so larger and smaller areas compare fairly. Hover an area to trace its top moves HowAmericaMoves.com Top origin states 1Texas14,923$1.3B2California14,044$1.4B3Florida8,639$656.3M4Arizona5,683$466.7M5Illinois4,686$478.4M6New York3,987$385.2M7Washington3,480$335.1M8Virginia3,276$292.5M9North Carolina3,117$237.4M10Georgia3,057$240.2M HowAmericaMoves.com Top destination states 1Texas12,275$1.1B2California9,699$877.2M3Florida9,070$954.1M4Arizona6,012$584.5M5Washington3,935$340.9M6North Carolina3,423$289.1M7New York3,210$273.5M8Illinois3,198$290.7M9Missouri2,677$194.5M10New Mexico2,642$168.2M HowAmericaMoves.com Churn by state both directions at once The biggest two-way exchanges of filing households, 2022–2023. Moved in and moved out are gross one-way counts; net is the difference. Click a column to sort. Texas 14,923 12,275 +2,648 +$238.1M California 14,044 9,699 +4,345 +$565.4M Florida 8,639 9,070 -431 -$297.8M Arizona 5,683 6,012 -329 -$117.8M Illinois 4,686 3,198 +1,488 +$187.7M Washington 3,480 3,935 -455 -$5.9M New York 3,987 3,210 +777 +$111.6M North Carolina 3,117 3,423 -306 -$51.7M Virginia 3,276 2,627 +649 +$62.7M Georgia 3,057 2,571 +486 +$45.3M New Mexico 2,743 2,642 +101 +$28.5M Missouri 2,523 2,677 -154 +$8M Counts are filing households (IRS returns), matching the lists above; income is nominal AGI. A dash means the IRS published only one direction of that exchange (small flows are suppressed), so no net is computed. HowAmericaMoves.com Net migration by year Net 2012–2023: +$19B (+229,670 people) 20122023 HowAmericaMoves.com Net AGI and net people by year (nominal dollars) Year Net AGI Net people 2012 +$1.1B +20,703 2013 +$1B +26,544 2014 +$970.4M +29,609 2015 +$889.1M +28,492 2016 +$1.8B +34,631 2017 +$2.4B +32,429 2018 +$2.1B +26,840 2019 +$2B +18,862 2020 +$2.3B +11,161 2021 +$2.1B -3,557 2022 +$1.5B -3,074 2023 +$671.3M +7,030 Migration in context How big is this move, relative to the state? In the 2022–2023 filing year, about 7,030 more people moved into Colorado than left (counting tax filers and their dependents) — a net gain of about $671.3M in income (nominal) — in a state of 5,912,240 people. Population 5,912,240 Census 2023 estimate Net migration rate +1.2 net people per 1,000 residents A town of 10,000 would net about +12 people. Net income per resident +$114 nominal dollars ≈ +$671.3M total across 5,912,240 residents. The rate lets you compare Colorado with a stateof any size: it’s the net flow divided by population. The IRS counts tax filers; population counts all residents, so read the rate as a scale indicator, not a literal share of people. HowAmericaMoves.com Components of population change 2023 (Census) Where the state’s overall change came from. Census counts all residents; the IRS migration above is one slice of the domestic-migration component. Births +62,233 Deaths 45,204 Net domestic migration +6,008 Net international migration +35,920 Total change +58,885 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program. Figures are people, not tax filers. HowAmericaMoves.com Income & cost of living What a dollar is worth here Prices around Colorado run about 2% above the national average. In plain terms: $100 spent here buys about what $98 buys in the average American community. The figures below apply that to income, each compared to the U.S. average of $70,002 per person. Income per person $80,169 what people here earn (BEA 2023, nominal) 15% above the U.S. average Price level 101.9 100 = U.S. average prices (BEA price parity) everyday costs about 1.9% higher than average What that income buys $78,708 local income restated at U.S.-average prices 12% above the U.S. average Cheaper than U.S. avgU.S. average (100)Pricier Price parity shown at the state level (BEA does not publish a single figure below the metro level). HowAmericaMoves.com Where the cost comes from price parity by category Index where 100 = U.S. average for that category. Housing is usually what separates one place from another. Housing & rents130.5 Goods99.2 Utilities86.8 Other services96.5 Housing is measured from rents (including an estimated rental value for owner-occupied homes), so a run-up in purchase prices shows here only as it reaches rents. Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Covers all residents, a separate universe from the IRS filer income above. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Who lives here The people of Colorado American Community Survey, 2019–2023 (a 5-year average of all residents, not just tax filers). Median age 37.5 years Median household income $92,470 per household (ACS 2019–2023, nominal) 18% above the U.S. median College degree 45% adults 25+ with a bachelor's or higher Poverty rate 9.4% residents below the poverty line Average commute 25 min mean travel time to work Broadband at home 93% households with any broadband Race and ethnicity (share of residents) White 66%Hispanic 22%Black 4%Asian 3%Other 5% White, Black, and Asian counts are people who are not Hispanic or Latino; Hispanic or Latino can be of any race. Shares are rounded and may not total 100. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Covers all residents, a separate universe from the IRS filer data. A 5-year estimate is an average over 2019–2023; compare years at least five apart, since consecutive windows overlap. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Housing what it costs to live here (ACS 2019–2023) Median home value $502,200 owner-occupied homes 66% above the U.S. median Median rent $1,693 gross rent per month 26% above the U.S. median Homeownership 66% of occupied homes are owner-occupied Home-price appreciation FHFA index, 2023 Past year +2.0% price change, 2022 to 2023 Past 5 years +45% price change, 2018 to 2023 A repeat-sales index (how much the same homes changed in price), so it tracks the market over time rather than the current level. Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency, annual all-transactions HPI; the county series is FHFA’s developmental index. New home construction building permits, 2023 39,404new housing units authorized in 2023 Single-family 50%Multifamily 50% Units authorized by residential building permits (new supply), summed from counties for the state and U.S. Permits are authorizations, not completions. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey. Home value is what owners estimate their homes are worth, not recent sale prices. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2019–2023), nominal dollars. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Local economy & risk Jobs and natural hazards Unemployment rate 3.3% BLS 2023 annual average Labor force 3,230,055 3,124,030 employed Disaster declarations 1 major federal, 2023 most common: Flood Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS) and FEMA. A disaster declaration marks federal assistance eligibility, not damage severity, and says nothing about why anyone moved. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Unemployment now 3.7% May 2026 ▼ 0.3 points vs May 2025 January 2024May 2026 Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (LAUS). Monthly unemployment for this state, not seasonally adjusted. Updated every month, so it moves faster than the annual average above. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Who’s moving by income Net migration by income bracket Tax-filing households that moved into Colorado minus those that left, by the adjusted gross income they reported, 2022–2023. Positive means more arrived than left at that income level. $1–$10k +314 In 8,841Out 8,527+$2.2M AGI $10k–$25k +2,645 In 20,932Out 18,287+$50.2M AGI $25k–$50k +3,921 In 32,729Out 28,808+$140.1M AGI $50k–$75k +2,156 In 20,064Out 17,908+$134.5M AGI $75k–$100k +908 In 12,349Out 11,441+$78.5M AGI $100k–$200k +450 In 18,319Out 17,869+$47.4M AGI $200k+ +784 In 8,912Out 8,128+$213.9M AGI Among the highest earners ($200k+), Colorado ranks #11 of 51 states for net household migration (+784). Source: IRS Statistics of Income, state-level gross migration file (returns with negative AGI are excluded, so this won’t exactly match the totals above). Income is what filers reported, not a reason anyone moved. Compare all states by income bracket. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Goods trade What Colorado ships and receives Physical goods shipped between Colorado and other states, 2022. This is freight, not the migration of people or income shown above. $98.5B Ships to other states +23% since 2017 $125.4B Receives from states +33% since 2017 $26.9B Net balance Top goods shipped out Mixed freight $25.3B Precision instruments and apparatus $17.9B Plastics and rubber $17.6B Electronic and other electrical equipment and components, and office equipment $16.7B Pharmaceutical products $16.2B Motorized and other vehicles (includes parts) $12.7B Top goods received Mixed freight $24.0B Electronic and other electrical equipment and components, and office equipment $22.8B Motorized and other vehicles (includes parts) $13.5B Gasoline and aviation turbine fuel $13.1B Other prepared foodstuffs and fats and oils $11.5B Pharmaceutical products $10.2B Biggest trading partners (both ways) Goods trade runs in both directions: states swap different goods, so a partner is often near the top of both columns. Net is ships minus receives (positive means Colorado ships more to that partner than it gets back). Partner Ships to Receives Net Total California $8.6B $17.4B -$8.8B $26.0B Texas $9.1B $14.6B -$5.5B $23.7B Utah $6.0B $8.4B -$2.4B $14.4B Illinois $4.3B $6.9B -$2.6B $11.2B Wyoming $5.8B $2.6B +$3.2B $8.5B Washington $3.3B $3.9B -$650M $7.2B Nebraska $3.3B $3.4B -$103M $6.7B Pennsylvania $2.5B $3.6B -$1.1B $6.1B Goods shipped every five years by the Census Commodity Flow Survey (a sample, so figures are estimates and the smallest flows are withheld). Value is nominal. The totals and partner table above count trade between Colorado and other states; the goods lists count everything the state ships or receives, including within-state shipments. Compare all states. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Taxes the state collects What Colorado collects in taxes Total state taxes $18.1B FY 2023, nominal Per resident $3,067 total state taxes ÷ population Largest categories (share of total) Individual income tax$6.8B 37% General sales & gross receipts$4.6B 25% Corporation net income tax$2.3B 13% Other selective sales tax$1.5B 8% Motor fuels sales tax$708M 4% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections. This is what the state government collected (not local taxes), not a measure of any individual’s tax burden. How the data works. HowAmericaMoves.com Elections National maps → How Colorado has voted. Certified returns, popular vote only. This is a separate dataset from the migration figures on this page. President, 1976–2024 Year Democratic Republican Other Margin Total 2024 1,728,159 1,377,441 85,273 D +11.0 3,190,873 2020 1,804,352 1,364,607 88,021 D +13.5 3,256,980 2016 1,338,870 1,202,484 238,866 D +4.9 2,780,220 2012 1,322,998 1,185,050 61,169 D +5.4 2,569,217 2008 1,288,576 1,073,589 39,196 D +9.0 2,401,361 2004 1,001,732 1,101,255 26,643 R +4.7 2,129,630 2000 738,227 883,745 119,393 R +8.4 1,741,365 1996 671,152 691,848 147,702 R +1.4 1,510,702 1992 629,681 562,850 376,649 D +4.3 1,569,180 1988 621,453 728,177 22,764 R +7.8 1,372,394 1984 454,975 821,817 18,588 R +28.3 1,295,380 1980 368,009 652,264 164,177 R +24.0 1,184,450 1976 460,801 584,278 36,361 R +11.4 1,081,440 U.S. Senate races all states → Year Winner Democratic Republican Other Margin 2022 Michael Bennet 1,397,170 1,031,693 71,338 D +14.6 2020 John W. Hickenlooper 1,731,114 1,429,492 75,184 D +9.3 2016 Michael F. Bennet 1,370,710 1,215,318 156,995 D +5.7 2014 Cory Gardner 944,203 983,891 112,926 R +1.9 2010 Michael F. Bennet 851,590 822,731 97,869 D +1.6 2008 Mark Udall 1,230,994 990,755 109,737 D +10.3 2004 Ken Salazar 1,081,188 980,668 45,616 D +4.8 2002 Wayne Allard 648,130 717,893 49,463 R +4.9 U.S. House seats won district maps → 2024 D 4 R 4 2022 D 5 R 3 2020 D 4 R 3 2018 D 4 R 3 2016 D 3 R 4 2014 D 3 R 4 2012 D 3 R 4 2010 D 3 R 4 2008 D 5 R 2 2006 D 4 R 3 2004 D 3 R 4 2002 D 2 R 5 2000 D 2 R 4 2024 results by county Republican wonDemocratic wonIndependent / other Which party received the most votes, as a solid color.Winning margin as a share of all votes cast.Change in margin since 2020, in percentage points.Total votes cast, all candidates. HowAmericaMoves.com Source: MIT Election Data and Science Lab county returns (CC0). Margins are the popular-vote gap as a share of all votes cast. Counties in Colorado (64) Adams CountyAlamosa CountyArapahoe CountyArchuleta CountyBaca CountyBent CountyBoulder CountyBroomfield CountyChaffee CountyCheyenne CountyClear Creek CountyConejos CountyCostilla CountyCrowley CountyCuster CountyDelta CountyDenver CountyDolores CountyDouglas CountyEagle CountyEl Paso CountyElbert CountyFremont CountyGarfield CountyGilpin CountyGrand CountyGunnison CountyHinsdale CountyHuerfano CountyJackson CountyJefferson CountyKiowa CountyKit Carson CountyLa Plata CountyLake CountyLarimer CountyLas Animas CountyLincoln CountyLogan CountyMesa CountyMineral CountyMoffat CountyMontezuma CountyMontrose CountyMorgan CountyOtero CountyOuray CountyPark CountyPhillips CountyPitkin CountyProwers CountyPueblo CountyRio Blanco CountyRio Grande CountyRoutt CountySaguache CountySan Juan CountySan Miguel CountySedgwick CountySummit CountyTeller CountyWashington CountyWeld CountyYuma County Get the next update for Colorado The IRS releases new migration data once a year. 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